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"references": "Gunnar HERING: Panagiotis Nikousios als Dragoman der kaiserlichen Gesandtschaft in Konstantinopel. In: Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik 44 (1994), 143–178; Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "The nephew, disciple and protégé of Nikousios Panagiotis was hired as an apprentice interpreter in 1665, alongside the resident envoy of Constantinople. In 1667 he continued his studies in Vienna and in 1668, after passing the examinations, he was admitted to the profession of interpreter. He served at the Habsburg delegation in Constantinople and was in the city during the Great Turkish War, spying for the War Council.",
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"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "An imperial interpreter from a renegade background. He was involved in the interpreting assignments accompanying the first peace treaty of Szőny, lived in Komárom, and regularly received assignments both in Vienna and in Hungarian locations.",
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"status": "professor of the eastern languages, Secretary for Oriental Languages",
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"notes": "As an Istrian-born pupil of Meninsky, he begins to learn the oriental languages and continues his independent training with Turkish language instructors in Bratislava, Rome and Constantinople. He was appointed as a Hungarian interpreter in the chancellery of the Council of War and was later appointed as Secretary for Oriental Languages. From 1674, with imperial permission and Jesuit support, he trained oriental interpreters in form of university classes, and was a prominent school organizer and professor of oriental languages at the University of Vienna. In 1678 he travels to Constantinople with three of his students to improve their knowledge. In 1683 he distinguishes himself at the siege of Vienna for his service to the defenders. In 1699, after Meninsky's death, he unsuccessfully applied for the post of chief interpreter, continuing to work as a teacher and oriental language secretary until his death.",
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"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
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"status": "apprentice interpreter",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Originally a student of Giovanni Battista Podestà’s seminar of eastern languages, he became an apprentice interpreter. Between 1678–82 he and his companions Hueber and Schwegler, accompanied by their teachers, improved their linguistic knowledge in Constantinople. He continued his studies in Vienna until his death in 1684.",
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"name": "",
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"end_date_written": "1666",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
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{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19283/?format=api",
"id": 19283,
"name": "Panagiotis",
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"end_end_date": "1673-12-31",
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"end_date_written": "1673",
"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Gunnar HERING: Panagiotis Nikousios als Dragoman der kaiserlichen Gesandtschaft in Konstantinopel. In: Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik 44 (1994), 143–178; Damien JANOS: Panaiotis Nicousios and Alexander Mavrocordatos: The Rise of the Phanariots and the Office of Grand Dragoman in the Ottoman Administration in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century. In: Archivum Ottomanicum 23 (2005–2006), 177–196; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "After completing his studies in Padua and Constantinople, the talented young man of Greek origin was hired as an interpreter for the Habsburgs’ delegation in Constantinople in 1645. After the death of resident envoy Alexander Greiffenklau, he headed the embassy as interim agent until the arrival of the new resident, Simon Reniger. From the end of the 1660s, he also interpreted for the Porte, and was the first of the Phanariots to be appointed chief interpreter at the Sublime Porte. At the turn of the 1660s, he gained considerable influence in the circles of the sultan and the grand vizier, while also performing important services for the Habsburgs. He died of a stroke in 1673.",
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"text": [
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"id": 5211,
"label": "ID: 5211",
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"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
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"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19282/?format=api",
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"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1599-07-02",
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"start_end_date": "1599-12-31",
"end_date": "1614-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1614-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1614-12-31",
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"status": "",
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"notes": "",
"published": false,
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{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19281/?format=api",
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"name": "Negroni",
"review": false,
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"end_date": "1614-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1614-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1614-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1614",
"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Rudolf NECK: Andrea Negroni. (Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der österreichisch-türkischen Beziehungen nach dem Frieden von Zsitvatorok). In: Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs 3 (1950), 166–195; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Born in Genova, he was interpreter for eastern languages of Emperor Rudolf and later Archduke Matthias. In addition to several minor diplomatic negotiations, he was the emperor’s extraordinary envoy in Constantinople in 1610 and 1612–1614. In 1614, he was tried for treason and suspended from his duties, dying in captivity before the verdict was delivered.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
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"id": 5210,
"label": "ID: 5210",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5210/"
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"id": 17,
"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
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{
"id": 18,
"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
},
{
"id": 23,
"label": "ORDIP",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/23/"
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19280/?format=api",
"id": 19280,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1645-07-02",
"start_start_date": "1645-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1645-12-31",
"end_date": "1649-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1649-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1649-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1645",
"end_date_written": "1649",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19279/?format=api",
"id": 19279,
"name": "Navone",
"review": false,
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"end_date": null,
"end_start_date": null,
"end_end_date": null,
"start_date_written": null,
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"status": "apprentice interpreter",
"references": "CZIRÁKI Zsuzsanna: Követ vagy szélhámos? A Habsburg-diplomácia útvesztői egy konstantinápolyi gyilkosság tükrében. In: Aetas – Történettudományi folyóirat 31 (2016) 3, 22–39;\r\nZsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Born into an extensive dynasty of interpreters in Pera, during his years as an apprentice interpreter he was involved in the assassination of the Portuguese spy Don Juan de Menesses, alongside the resident envoy Alexander Greiffenklau. His conflict with the Ottoman authorities led to his dismissal from the service.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
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"id": 5209,
"label": "ID: 5209",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5209/"
}
],
"collection": [
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"id": 17,
"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
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"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19278/?format=api",
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"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1659-07-02",
"start_start_date": "1659-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1659-12-31",
"end_date": "1665-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1665-01-01",
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"status": "",
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"notes": "",
"published": false,
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19277/?format=api",
"id": 19277,
"name": "Miro",
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"end_date": null,
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"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "He was recruited as fully trained interpreter from the Venetians and served both in Vienna and Graz. His conflicts, and in particular the alleged threat from the Venetian ambassador, prompted him to ask for his dismissal.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
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"id": 5208,
"label": "ID: 5208",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5208/"
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"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
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"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19276/?format=api",
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"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1699-07-02",
"start_start_date": "1699-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1699-12-31",
"end_date": "1707-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1707-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1707-12-31",
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"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
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{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19275/?format=api",
"id": 19275,
"name": "Michalovicz",
"review": false,
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"end_date": "1707-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1707-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1707-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1707",
"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Originally interpreter of the Bavarian Elector, served as interpreter and spy in the Great Turkish War. He candidate for the position of an imperial interpreter without success in 1691 and 1694. Only in 1699 did he join the staff of the War Council as interpreter, when he was assigned to Guido Stahremberg as interpreter in the area between the Drava and Sava rivers, and was then posted to Petrovaradin, where he served as interpreter until his death.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
{
"id": 5207,
"label": "ID: 5207",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5207/"
}
],
"collection": [
{
"id": 17,
"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
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{
"id": 18,
"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
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{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19274/?format=api",
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"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1615-07-02",
"start_start_date": "1615-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1615-12-31",
"end_date": "1615-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1615-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1615-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1615",
"end_date_written": "1615",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
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},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19273/?format=api",
"id": 19273,
"name": "Milli",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
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"end_date": null,
"end_start_date": null,
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"start_date_written": null,
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"status": "apprentice interpreter",
"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "He was recruited by resident envoy Michael Starzer as an assistant interpreter in 1615, but died of the plague a few weeks later.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
{
"id": 5206,
"label": "ID: 5206",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5206/"
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"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
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"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
}
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},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19272/?format=api",
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"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1662-07-02",
"start_start_date": "1662-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1662-12-31",
"end_date": "1699-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1699-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1699-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1662",
"end_date_written": "1699",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19271/?format=api",
"id": 19271,
"name": "Mesgnien von Meninsky",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
"start_start_date": null,
"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": "1699-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1699-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1699-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1699",
"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages, chief interpreter",
"references": "Bohdan BARANOWSKI: F. Mesgnien- Meniński et l’enseignement des langues orientales en Pologne vers la moitié du XVIIe siècle. In: Rocznik Orientalistyczny 15 (1949), 63–71; Czesława GENEJA, Paul NASTER: François à Mesgnien Meninski à propos d’un manuscrit autographe à la bilbiothèque royale de Belgique. In: Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica, 17 (1986), 253–277; Himmet UMUNÇ: Meninski’nin Türk Dili ve Kültürü Üzerine Görüşleri: Bir Değerlendirme. In: Başkent Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 32 (2015) 1, 243–257; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Linguist of French origin, orientalist. Until 1661, he was an interpreter of eastern languages for the Polish royal court and later for the Habsburg Monarchy in Vienna, where he became chief interpreter and councilor of the War Council. He regularly carried out small diplomatic missions at the court of the Pasha of Buda and other places in the borderland, while he also participated in the training of interpreters. In 1669, he went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and became a member of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. He was an inspector of the Oriental Trading Company, investigating prohibitions on trade in goods. In 1683, he was in the city during the siege of Vienna, acting as interpreter. He served as an interpreter until his death in Vienna.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
{
"id": 5205,
"label": "ID: 5205",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5205/"
}
],
"collection": [
{
"id": 17,
"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
},
{
"id": 18,
"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
},
{
"id": 23,
"label": "ORDIP",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/23/"
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19270/?format=api",
"id": 19270,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1652-07-01",
"start_start_date": "1652-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1652-12-31",
"end_date": "1680-07-01",
"end_start_date": "1680-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1680-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1652",
"end_date_written": "1680",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19269/?format=api",
"id": 19269,
"name": "Marianovich",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
"start_start_date": null,
"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": "1680-07-01",
"end_start_date": "1680-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1680-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1680",
"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "He was probably a spy of Bosnian origin who served already as a “Turkish” courier in the diplomatic mission of Hermann Czernin in 1644. In 1652, he applied to the War Council as an interpreter for eastern languages, where he was employed in a dual capacity as a courier and interpreter. In 1657, he was entrusted with the embassy to the Cossacks together with Archbishop Petrus Parčević. Based on his connections to Bosnia, he was recommended by the President of the War Council, Annibale Gonzaga, for the title of the Bishop of Bosnia in 1660. In 1657 Ferdinand III granted him the title of Procurator of the Kingdom of Bosnia, confirmed in 1671.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
{
"id": 5204,
"label": "ID: 5204",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5204/"
}
],
"collection": [
{
"id": 17,
"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
},
{
"id": 18,
"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19268/?format=api",
"id": 19268,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1684-07-01",
"start_start_date": "1684-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1684-12-31",
"end_date": "1700-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1700-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1700-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1684",
"end_date_written": "1700",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19267/?format=api",
"id": 19267,
"name": "Mammucca della Torre",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
"start_start_date": null,
"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": null,
"end_start_date": null,
"end_end_date": null,
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": null,
"status": "apprentice interpreter, imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228.\r\nZsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Second son of the interpreter Marcantonio Mammucca della Torre and Giustiniana Tarsia. He was appointed to the post of interpreter at the same time as his brother Leopold. Through his father, he and his brother hold the title of a Count of the Holy Roman Empire.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
{
"id": 5203,
"label": "ID: 5203",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5203/"
}
],
"collection": [
{
"id": 17,
"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
},
{
"id": 18,
"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19266/?format=api",
"id": 19266,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1684-07-01",
"start_start_date": "1684-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1684-12-31",
"end_date": "1712-07-01",
"end_start_date": "1712-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1712-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1684",
"end_date_written": "1712",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19265/?format=api",
"id": 19265,
"name": "Mammucca della Torre",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
"start_start_date": null,
"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": "1712-07-01",
"end_start_date": "1712-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1712-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1712",
"status": "apprentice interpreter, imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228.\r\nZsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "First-born son of the interpreter Marcantonio Mammucca della Torre, his godfather was Emperor Leopold I. As a young child, he was made an apprentice interpreter by his father in 1684, and two years later he recieved already the title of an interpreter. Between 1701 and 1703, while retaining his position as interpreter, he was appointed resident envoy at the Porte, and in 1708 he was transferred to Petrovaradin in place of the deceased Wolfgang Zacharias Cantig.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
{
"id": 5202,
"label": "ID: 5202",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5202/"
}
],
"collection": [
{
"id": 17,
"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
},
{
"id": 18,
"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19264/?format=api",
"id": 19264,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1651-07-02",
"start_start_date": "1651-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1651-12-31",
"end_date": "1708-07-01",
"end_start_date": "1708-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1708-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1651",
"end_date_written": "1708",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19263/?format=api",
"id": 19263,
"name": "Mammucca della Torre",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
"start_start_date": null,
"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": "1708-07-01",
"end_start_date": "1708-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1708-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1708",
"status": "apprentice interpreter, imperial interpreter for eastern languages, chief interpreter",
"references": "E. Natalie ROTHMAN: The The Dragoman Renaissance: Diplomatic Interpreters and the Routes of Orientalism. Ithaca, 2021; Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228; Vincenzio Giulio LODI: L’Immortalita del cavalier Marc Antonio Mamuca della Torre, conte del Sac. Rom. Imp. consigliere attuale di guerra die sua M. Ces. etc. descritta, consecrata alla Sac. Ces. e Real Maesta di Leopoldo I. Vienna, 1701.\r\nZsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "A descendant of the Borisi dynasty of interpreters, he was also related through his wife to the Tarsia family, who also produced a number of distinguished interpreters. He was recruited by resident envoy Simon Reniger as an utmost talented apprentice interpreter and became later an embassy interpreter mainly in Constantinople. He served with the residents in Vienna and Constantinople until the Great Turkish War. During the war he participated in information gathering both at the front and in Constantinople. He was appointed chief interpreter, councilor of the War Council and was given the title of a Count of the Holy Roman Empire by Leopold I. His two sons were also interpreters for eastern languages in Habsburg service.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
{
"id": 5201,
"label": "ID: 5201",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5201/"
}
],
"collection": [
{
"id": 17,
"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
},
{
"id": 18,
"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
},
{
"id": 23,
"label": "ORDIP",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/23/"
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19262/?format=api",
"id": 19262,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
"start_start_date": null,
"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": null,
"end_start_date": null,
"end_end_date": null,
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": null,
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19261/?format=api",
"id": 19261,
"name": "Virgilius",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1595-07-02",
"start_start_date": "1595-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1595-12-31",
"end_date": null,
"end_start_date": null,
"end_end_date": null,
"start_date_written": "1595",
"end_date_written": null,
"status": "apprentice interpreter",
"references": "",
"notes": "Born in Salzburg in 1595, he joined the household of resident envoy Sebastian Lustrier as a young man. After previous university studies in law, he was trained both for the service as an interpreter and as a resident. In 1628–29, he stayed at the Sublime Porte as interim agent until the arrival of the new resident Johann Rudolf Schmid, who took over from Lustrier. His further career is unknown.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
{
"id": 5200,
"label": "ID: 5200",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5200/"
}
],
"collection": [
{
"id": 17,
"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
},
{
"id": 18,
"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19260/?format=api",
"id": 19260,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
"start_start_date": null,
"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": null,
"end_start_date": null,
"end_end_date": null,
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": null,
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19259/?format=api",
"id": 19259,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1678-07-02",
"start_start_date": "1678-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1678-12-31",
"end_date": "1709-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1709-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1709-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1678",
"end_date_written": "1709",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19258/?format=api",
"id": 19258,
"name": "Lachowitz",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
"start_start_date": null,
"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": "1709-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1709-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1709-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1709",
"status": "apprentice interpreter, imperial interprete for eastern languages",
"references": "Hajnalka TÓTH: Harminc év Habsburg-szolgálatban. Betekintés Johann Adam Lachowitz török tolmács áldozatos munkájába (1678–1709). In: Fons – Forráskutatás és Történeti Segédtudományok. 26 (2019) 1, 41–62; Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228.\r\nZsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "In 1678, as a pupil of the chief interpreter Meninsky, he was appointed to the staff of interpreters and joined the Habsburg embassy in Constantinople to improve his language skills with Podestà and his students. In 1682 he was appointed to the staff of the War Council as interpreter, replacing Ridolfi di Aleppino, and was assigned to work as an interpreter alongside internuncius Caprara. In 1683, he was appointed to Charles V of Lorraine and served as a field interpreter in the Ottoman wars, but suffered a nervous breakdown at the siege of Buda and was reinstated in Vienna. From 1688, he was involved in the negotiations for the Habsburg-Ottoman peace treaties, and later interpreted for Count Oetting’s embassy at the Sublime Porte. In 1699, he unsuccessfully applied for the post of resident envoy, and was instead appointed Secretary of the Eastern Languages in Vienna.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
{
"id": 5199,
"label": "ID: 5199",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5199/"
}
],
"collection": [
{
"id": 17,
"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
},
{
"id": 18,
"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19257/?format=api",
"id": 19257,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1693-07-02",
"start_start_date": "1693-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1693-12-31",
"end_date": "1708-07-01",
"end_start_date": "1708-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1708-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1693",
"end_date_written": "1708",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19256/?format=api",
"id": 19256,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1699-07-02",
"start_start_date": "1699-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1699-12-31",
"end_date": null,
"end_start_date": null,
"end_end_date": null,
"start_date_written": "1699",
"end_date_written": null,
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19255/?format=api",
"id": 19255,
"name": "Jagelsky",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
"start_start_date": null,
"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": "1708-07-01",
"end_start_date": "1708-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1708-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1708",
"status": "apprentice interpreter, imperial interprete for eastern languages",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228.\r\nZsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "After a training period at Giovanni Battista Podestà’s seminar for eastern languages, he became apprentice interpreter at the Viennese War Council in 1693. In 1699 he spent a short time in the border commission of Fernando Marsigli, before being sent to study languages in Constantinople with Count Oetting’s embassy. In 1700, he applied for the title of interpreter on the recommendation of Marsigli, but was not appointed until 1703. He served with the resident at the Sublime Porte until his death in early 1708.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
{
"id": 5198,
"label": "ID: 5198",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5198/"
}
],
"collection": [
{
"id": 17,
"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
},
{
"id": 18,
"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19254/?format=api",
"id": 19254,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1604-07-01",
"start_start_date": "1604-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1604-12-31",
"end_date": "0162-07-02",
"end_start_date": "0162-01-01",
"end_end_date": "0162-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1604",
"end_date_written": "162",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19253/?format=api",
"id": 19253,
"name": "Illéssy",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
"start_start_date": null,
"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": null,
"end_start_date": null,
"end_end_date": null,
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": null,
"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "He was transferred from the Transylvanian princely chancellery to the service of Archbishop István Szuhay of Eger, where he assisted him in the peace negotiations during the last years of the Long Turkish War. In 1604, he joined the corps of the Habsburgs’ eastern interpreters and served for a longer period in Prague and Vienna. In addition to his activities as translator and interpreter, he regularly accompanied Ottoman delegations and carried out minor missions at the court of the Pasha of Buda. He was involved in the corrections of the peace of Zsitvatork and the peace of Komárom.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
{
"id": 5197,
"label": "ID: 5197",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5197/"
}
],
"collection": [
{
"id": 17,
"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
},
{
"id": 18,
"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19252/?format=api",
"id": 19252,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1679-07-02",
"start_start_date": "1679-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1679-12-31",
"end_date": "1689-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1689-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1689-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1679",
"end_date_written": "1689",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19251/?format=api",
"id": 19251,
"name": "Hueber",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
"start_start_date": null,
"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": "1689-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1689-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1689-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1689",
"status": "apprentice interpreter, imperial interprete for eastern languages",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228.\r\nZsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Trained by Giovanni Battista Podestà at his seminar for eastern languages, he improved his language competence both in Vienna and Constantinople. He served in the Great Turkish War, and in 1687 he became a fully accredited interpreter and was posted to Siklós. Here he was soon captured by the Tatars. Attempts to ransom him were unsuccessful until 1689, he probably died in captivity.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
{
"id": 5196,
"label": "ID: 5196",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5196/"
}
],
"collection": [
{
"id": 17,
"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
},
{
"id": 18,
"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19250/?format=api",
"id": 19250,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1612-07-01",
"start_start_date": "1612-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1612-12-31",
"end_date": "1617-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1617-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1617-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1612",
"end_date_written": "1617",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19249/?format=api",
"id": 19249,
"name": "Hrintschitsch",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
"start_start_date": null,
"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": null,
"end_start_date": null,
"end_end_date": null,
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": null,
"status": "apprentice interpreter",
"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Born in Karlovac, on the recommendation of his uncle Caspar Gratiani he was appointed to the Habsburg mission in Constantinople, alongside resident envoy Michael Starzer. Details of his training are not known, but he certainly performed short missions for the resident. In 1617 he applied for court service in Graz.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
{
"id": 5195,
"label": "ID: 5195",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5195/"
}
],
"collection": [
{
"id": 17,
"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
},
{
"id": 18,
"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19248/?format=api",
"id": 19248,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1623-07-02",
"start_start_date": "1623-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1623-12-31",
"end_date": "1624-07-01",
"end_start_date": "1624-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1624-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1623",
"end_date_written": "1624",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19247/?format=api",
"id": 19247,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1623-07-02",
"start_start_date": "1623-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1623-12-31",
"end_date": "1624-07-01",
"end_start_date": "1624-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1624-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1623",
"end_date_written": "1624",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19246/?format=api",
"id": 19246,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1623-07-02",
"start_start_date": "1623-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1623-12-31",
"end_date": "1624-07-01",
"end_start_date": "1624-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1624-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1623",
"end_date_written": "1624",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19245/?format=api",
"id": 19245,
"name": "Gesandtschaft Kurtz von Senftenau",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1623-07-02",
"start_start_date": "1623-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1623-12-31",
"end_date": "1624-07-01",
"end_start_date": "1624-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1624-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1623",
"end_date_written": "1624",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
{
"id": 5194,
"label": "ID: 5194",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5194/"
}
],
"collection": [
{
"id": 17,
"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
},
{
"id": 18,
"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
},
{
"id": 23,
"label": "ORDIP",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/23/"
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19244/?format=api",
"id": 19244,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1600-07-01",
"start_start_date": "1600-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1600-12-31",
"end_date": "1642-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1642-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1642-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1600",
"end_date_written": "1642",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19243/?format=api",
"id": 19243,
"name": "Házy",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
"start_start_date": null,
"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": "1642-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1642-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1642-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1642",
"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "In 1596, while still a child, he was captured and taken to General Adolf Schwarzenberg, who baptized him, trained him as an interpreter and recommended him for imperial service. He was assistant interpreter from 1600, and from 1611 fully accredited interpreter at the fortress of Győr. In addition to interpreting and translating, his duties included accompanying Ottoman envoys, and he also participated in several peace negotiations and the drafting of peace treaties. In 1628, with the permission of the chief captain of Győr, he joined the embassies of Johann Ludwig Kuefstein. Similarly, he worked as interpreter for Johann Rudolf Pucheim during his 1633–34 mission to the Sublime Porte. He died in Győr on the 30th of October 1642.",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [
{
"id": 5193,
"label": "ID: 5193",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5193/"
}
],
"collection": [
{
"id": 17,
"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
},
{
"id": 18,
"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
}
]
},
{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/tempentityclass/19242/?format=api",
"id": 19242,
"name": "",
"review": false,
"start_date": "1654-07-02",
"start_start_date": "1654-01-01",
"start_end_date": "1654-12-31",
"end_date": "1665-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1665-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1665-12-31",
"start_date_written": "1654",
"end_date_written": "1665",
"status": "",
"references": "",
"notes": "",
"published": false,
"source": null,
"text": [],
"collection": []
}
]
}