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"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Son of Johann Friedrich Vischer, secretary of the War Council and Helena Fellner von Feldegg, brother of Franz Heinrich Vischer. As a protégé of his stepfather, Johann Rudolf Schmid, he was brought to the house of the Habsburg resident envoy at the Sublime Porte in 1655, where he learned Turkish and the basics of Ottoman diplomacy. He aspired to the title of resident, but died before his training can be completed.",
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"first_name": "Maximilian",
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"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "An oriental language interpreter of Venetian origin, he was hired through the intervention of the Habsburg envoy to Venice (Count Portia) following the resignation of Vincenzo Bratutti. Due to his lack of knowledge and his personal conflicts, he soon left the service and went to the Polish royal court.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Marco",
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"text": [
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{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19303/?format=api",
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"end_date": null,
"end_start_date": null,
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"references": "SZABADOS János, „Michael Talman konstantinápolyi Habsburg rezidens két jelentése az Udvari Haditanács részére (1705. július 25. és augusztus 13.)”, Fons: Forráskutatás és Történeti Segédtudományok 20 (2013): 385–419; KEREKES Dóra, „A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején”, Századok 138 (2004): 1189–1228.",
"notes": "In 1691, he applies for the position of interpreter vacated by the death of Pantaleone Cleronome, but Mammucca della Torre, who criticizes his application, recommends his protégé instead. Nevertheless, he was given translating duties in the War Council. In 1692, at the request of the Dutch ambassador, he accompanied him to the Ottoman Empire. In 1697, he is examined by the chief interpreter Meninsky, who recommends him for another interpreting post with the Saxon corps and later with the Transylvanian corps in the Great Ottoman War. In 1698 he unsuccessfully applied for the position of the resident envoy in Constantinople, but at his own request he was allowed to participate in the Habsburg-Ottoman peace negotiations. In 1699, he joined the frontier commission alongside Fernando Marsigli, but in the same year he joined the escort of the Ottoman embassy to Vienna. He was resident envoy in Constantinople for two periods, and took part in the peace negotiations in Požarevac.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Michael",
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"source": null,
"text": [
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"profession": [
{
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"label": "Diplomat",
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"title": [],
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19301/?format=api",
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"end_start_date": null,
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"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Hermann Czernin hired him temporarily as interpreter for his mission to the Sublime Porte in 1616-1617, he was contracted in Constantinople.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Ambrosius",
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"source": null,
"text": [
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"title": [],
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19299/?format=api",
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"name": "Sick",
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"end_date": null,
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"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "In 1612, he took over from Melchior Schröder and interpreted for the Council of War. He was assigned to smaller missions to accompany Ottoman envoys from and to the Pasha of Buda. In addition to his interpreting duties, he is regularly mentioned as a scribe for the War Council.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Georg",
"gender": "male",
"source": null,
"text": [
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"status": "apprentice interpreter, imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "He studied in the class of Giovanni Battista Podestà from 1678 to 1680, and then with Internuncius Caprara in Constantinople in 1682. In 1683 he was appointed vice-interpreter in Győr (Vizedolmetscher in Raab), from 1684 he was Turkish interpreter for Walter Leslie, and from 1686 he was assigned to the corps near the Drava as fully accredited interpreter of the Council of War. In 1689, he was assigned to Kanizsa to survey the Ottoman economic records of the castle, in the last years of the Great Turkish War he served both in Vienna and at the front line.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Heinrich Christoph",
"gender": "male",
"source": null,
"text": [
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"name": "Schröder",
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"start_date_written": null,
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"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "In 1601, he was hired to replace Hieronymus Nagy as interpreter in Győr, and in addition to his duties as interpreter for the War Council, he regularly accompanied Ottoman delegations and participated in prisoner exchanges. He interpreted at the border commission concerning the status of villages that had not been settled in the Peace of Zsitvatorok and was also employed as a Turkish courier to Buda and Constantinople. In 1611 he asked to be dismissed from his post of interpreter, he became tricesima-collector.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Melchior",
"gender": "male",
"source": null,
"text": [
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5217/"
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"title": [],
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19293/?format=api",
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"start_date": null,
"start_start_date": null,
"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": "1678-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1678-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1678-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1678",
"status": "apprentice interpreter",
"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "From 1665 he was a pupil of Franz Mesgnien von Meninsky, and from 1668 he received also minor translating tasks. In 1670 he is mentioned as an interpreter in the Feldkriegskanzlei, while he is also a scribe (Hofkriegsrat-Konzipist) in the War Council. He is consciously trained in oriental languages as well as in Ottoman diplomacy both in Vienna and Constantinople. In 1678 he was appointed resident envoy to the Sublime Porte, although his death thwarts the mission.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Maximilian Erasmus",
"gender": "male",
"source": null,
"text": [
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5216/"
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"collection": [
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"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
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"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
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],
"profession": [
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"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
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"title": [],
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19291/?format=api",
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"name": "Porphyrita",
"review": false,
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"end_date": null,
"end_start_date": null,
"end_end_date": null,
"start_date_written": null,
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"status": "apprentice interpreter, imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Gunnar HERING: Panagiotis Nikousios als Dragoman der kaiserlichen Gesandtschaft in Konstantinopel. In: Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik 44 (1994), 143–178; Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "The nephew, disciple and protégé of Nikousios Panagiotis was hired as an apprentice interpreter in 1665, alongside the resident envoy of Constantinople. In 1667 he continued his studies in Vienna and in 1668, after passing the examinations, he was admitted to the profession of interpreter. He served at the Habsburg delegation in Constantinople and was in the city during the Great Turkish War, spying for the War Council.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Janaki",
"gender": "male",
"source": null,
"text": [
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"collection": [
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"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
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"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
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],
"profession": [
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"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
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"title": [],
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19289/?format=api",
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"name": "Pompeis",
"review": false,
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"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": null,
"end_start_date": null,
"end_end_date": null,
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": null,
"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "An imperial interpreter from a renegade background. He was involved in the interpreting assignments accompanying the first peace treaty of Szőny, lived in Komárom, and regularly received assignments both in Vienna and in Hungarian locations.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Ludovicus",
"gender": "male",
"source": null,
"text": [
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"collection": [
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
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"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
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],
"profession": [
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"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
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],
"title": [],
"sameAs": [
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"name": "Podestà",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
"start_start_date": null,
"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": "1703-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1703-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1703-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1703",
"status": "professor of the eastern languages, Secretary for Oriental Languages",
"references": "",
"notes": "As an Istrian-born pupil of Meninsky, he begins to learn the oriental languages and continues his independent training with Turkish language instructors in Bratislava, Rome and Constantinople. He was appointed as a Hungarian interpreter in the chancellery of the Council of War and was later appointed as Secretary for Oriental Languages. From 1674, with imperial permission and Jesuit support, he trained oriental interpreters in form of university classes, and was a prominent school organizer and professor of oriental languages at the University of Vienna. In 1678 he travels to Constantinople with three of his students to improve their knowledge. In 1683 he distinguishes himself at the siege of Vienna for his service to the defenders. In 1699, after Meninsky's death, he unsuccessfully applied for the post of chief interpreter, continuing to work as a teacher and oriental language secretary until his death.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Giovanni Battista",
"gender": "male",
"source": null,
"text": [
{
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"collection": [
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"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
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"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
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],
"profession": [
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"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
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"title": [],
"sameAs": [
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19285/?format=api",
"id": 19285,
"name": "Pezelli",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
"start_start_date": null,
"start_end_date": null,
"end_date": "1684-07-01",
"end_start_date": "1684-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1684-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1684",
"status": "apprentice interpreter",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Originally a student of Giovanni Battista Podestà’s seminar of eastern languages, he became an apprentice interpreter. Between 1678–82 he and his companions Hueber and Schwegler, accompanied by their teachers, improved their linguistic knowledge in Constantinople. He continued his studies in Vienna until his death in 1684.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Christian Esaid",
"gender": "male",
"source": null,
"text": [
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"id": 5212,
"label": "ID: 5212",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5212/"
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"collection": [
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"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
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"name": "Panagiotis",
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"references": "Gunnar HERING: Panagiotis Nikousios als Dragoman der kaiserlichen Gesandtschaft in Konstantinopel. In: Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik 44 (1994), 143–178; Damien JANOS: Panaiotis Nicousios and Alexander Mavrocordatos: The Rise of the Phanariots and the Office of Grand Dragoman in the Ottoman Administration in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century. In: Archivum Ottomanicum 23 (2005–2006), 177–196; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "After completing his studies in Padua and Constantinople, the talented young man of Greek origin was hired as an interpreter for the Habsburgs’ delegation in Constantinople in 1645. After the death of resident envoy Alexander Greiffenklau, he headed the embassy as interim agent until the arrival of the new resident, Simon Reniger. From the end of the 1660s, he also interpreted for the Porte, and was the first of the Phanariots to be appointed chief interpreter at the Sublime Porte. At the turn of the 1660s, he gained considerable influence in the circles of the sultan and the grand vizier, while also performing important services for the Habsburgs. He died of a stroke in 1673.",
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"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Rudolf NECK: Andrea Negroni. (Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der österreichisch-türkischen Beziehungen nach dem Frieden von Zsitvatorok). In: Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs 3 (1950), 166–195; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Born in Genova, he was interpreter for eastern languages of Emperor Rudolf and later Archduke Matthias. In addition to several minor diplomatic negotiations, he was the emperor’s extraordinary envoy in Constantinople in 1610 and 1612–1614. In 1614, he was tried for treason and suspended from his duties, dying in captivity before the verdict was delivered.",
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19279/?format=api",
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"name": "Navone",
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"status": "apprentice interpreter",
"references": "CZIRÁKI Zsuzsanna: Követ vagy szélhámos? A Habsburg-diplomácia útvesztői egy konstantinápolyi gyilkosság tükrében. In: Aetas – Történettudományi folyóirat 31 (2016) 3, 22–39;\r\nZsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Born into an extensive dynasty of interpreters in Pera, during his years as an apprentice interpreter he was involved in the assassination of the Portuguese spy Don Juan de Menesses, alongside the resident envoy Alexander Greiffenklau. His conflict with the Ottoman authorities led to his dismissal from the service.",
"published": false,
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"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "He was recruited as fully trained interpreter from the Venetians and served both in Vienna and Graz. His conflicts, and in particular the alleged threat from the Venetian ambassador, prompted him to ask for his dismissal.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Marco",
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"title": [],
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19275/?format=api",
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"name": "Michalovicz",
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"end_date_written": "1707",
"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Originally interpreter of the Bavarian Elector, served as interpreter and spy in the Great Turkish War. He candidate for the position of an imperial interpreter without success in 1691 and 1694. Only in 1699 did he join the staff of the War Council as interpreter, when he was assigned to Guido Stahremberg as interpreter in the area between the Drava and Sava rivers, and was then posted to Petrovaradin, where he served as interpreter until his death.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Lucas",
"gender": "male",
"source": null,
"text": [
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19273/?format=api",
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"name": "Milli",
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"status": "apprentice interpreter",
"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "He was recruited by resident envoy Michael Starzer as an assistant interpreter in 1615, but died of the plague a few weeks later.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Giovanni Francesco",
"gender": "male",
"source": null,
"text": [
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"label": "QHOD",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
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"label": "Dolmetscher",
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
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{
"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19271/?format=api",
"id": 19271,
"name": "Mesgnien von Meninsky",
"review": false,
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"end_start_date": "1699-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1699-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1699",
"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages, chief interpreter",
"references": "Bohdan BARANOWSKI: F. Mesgnien- Meniński et l’enseignement des langues orientales en Pologne vers la moitié du XVIIe siècle. In: Rocznik Orientalistyczny 15 (1949), 63–71; Czesława GENEJA, Paul NASTER: François à Mesgnien Meninski à propos d’un manuscrit autographe à la bilbiothèque royale de Belgique. In: Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica, 17 (1986), 253–277; Himmet UMUNÇ: Meninski’nin Türk Dili ve Kültürü Üzerine Görüşleri: Bir Değerlendirme. In: Başkent Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 32 (2015) 1, 243–257; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Linguist of French origin, orientalist. Until 1661, he was an interpreter of eastern languages for the Polish royal court and later for the Habsburg Monarchy in Vienna, where he became chief interpreter and councilor of the War Council. He regularly carried out small diplomatic missions at the court of the Pasha of Buda and other places in the borderland, while he also participated in the training of interpreters. In 1669, he went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and became a member of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. He was an inspector of the Oriental Trading Company, investigating prohibitions on trade in goods. In 1683, he was in the city during the siege of Vienna, acting as interpreter. He served as an interpreter until his death in Vienna.",
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"first_name": "Franz",
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