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"references": "E. Natalie ROTHMAN: The The Dragoman Renaissance: Diplomatic Interpreters and the Routes of Orientalism. Ithaca, 2021; Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228; Vincenzio Giulio LODI: L’Immortalita del cavalier Marc Antonio Mamuca della Torre, conte del Sac. Rom. Imp. consigliere attuale di guerra die sua M. Ces. etc. descritta, consecrata alla Sac. Ces. e Real Maesta di Leopoldo I. Vienna, 1701.\r\nZsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19112/?format=api",
"id": 19112,
"name": "Cleronome",
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"start_date": null,
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"end_date": "1699-07-02",
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"end_end_date": "1699-12-31",
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"status": "apprentice interpreter, imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: Egy császári tolmács megfigyelései. Giorgio Cleronome magyarországi utazása 1664-ben. In: Lymbus – magyarságtudományi forrásközlemények (2004), 71–77.\r\nDóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228.\r\nZsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "He joined the apprentice interpreters of resident envoy Simon Reniger as Nikousios Panagotis’ protégé in the early 1660s. He served mainly in Constantinople at the Habsburg permanent embassy, but also received minor assignments in Vienna. After 1663 he served as a fully accredited imperial interpreter at the house of the resident envoy in Constantinople. During the Great Turkish War, he performed spy service at the Sultan’s residence, staying in the house of the Dutch resident envoy.",
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"first_name": "Giorgio",
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19315/?format=api",
"id": 19315,
"name": "Zemper",
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"start_date": null,
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"end_date": "1678-07-02",
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"status": "apprentice interpreter, imperial interpreter for eastern languages, ensign",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228; Zsuzsanna CZIRÁKI: Language Students and Interpreters at the Mid-seventeenth-century Habsburg Embassy in Constantinople. In: Theatrum Historiae 19 (2016), 27–44; Zsuzsanna Cziráki: Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Born around 1627, he was an apprentice interpreter in Constantinople from 1644. In 1651, he applied for a post as interpreter, but failed Michel D´Asquier's examination. In 1653, he was appointed fully accredited interpreter in Győr replacing Josephus Barbatus, and in 1656 he was appointed an ensign in the same fortress. He was regularly entrusted with escorting Ottoman embassies between Vienna and the Hungarian border, but also performed missions to the court of the Pasha of Buda as an interpreter and ensign until his death.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Johann Georg",
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"source": null,
"text": [
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19275/?format=api",
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"name": "Michalovicz",
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"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Originally interpreter of the Bavarian Elector, served as interpreter and spy in the Great Turkish War. He candidate for the position of an imperial interpreter without success in 1691 and 1694. Only in 1699 did he join the staff of the War Council as interpreter, when he was assigned to Guido Stahremberg as interpreter in the area between the Drava and Sava rivers, and was then posted to Petrovaradin, where he served as interpreter until his death.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Lucas",
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"source": null,
"text": [
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19285/?format=api",
"id": 19285,
"name": "Pezelli",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
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"end_date": "1684-07-01",
"end_start_date": "1684-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1684-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1684",
"status": "apprentice interpreter",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "Originally a student of Giovanni Battista Podestà’s seminar of eastern languages, he became an apprentice interpreter. Between 1678–82 he and his companions Hueber and Schwegler, accompanied by their teachers, improved their linguistic knowledge in Constantinople. He continued his studies in Vienna until his death in 1684.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Christian Esaid",
"gender": "male",
"source": null,
"text": [
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19297/?format=api",
"id": 19297,
"name": "Schwegler",
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"status": "apprentice interpreter, imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "He studied in the class of Giovanni Battista Podestà from 1678 to 1680, and then with Internuncius Caprara in Constantinople in 1682. In 1683 he was appointed vice-interpreter in Győr (Vizedolmetscher in Raab), from 1684 he was Turkish interpreter for Walter Leslie, and from 1686 he was assigned to the corps near the Drava as fully accredited interpreter of the Council of War. In 1689, he was assigned to Kanizsa to survey the Ottoman economic records of the castle, in the last years of the Great Turkish War he served both in Vienna and at the front line.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Heinrich Christoph",
"gender": "male",
"source": null,
"text": [
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19313/?format=api",
"id": 19313,
"name": "Wolde",
"review": false,
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"end_date": "1709-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1709-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1709-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1709",
"status": "apprentice interpreter",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "A relative of Marcantonio Mammucca della Torre, who recommended Wolde for the post of interpreter. In 1694 he interpreted in the front zone during the Great Ottoman War, and in 1695 he replaced Johann Heinrich Boringer as interpreter in Osijek and Petrovaradin. In 1699, he was sent first to interpret along the Mureş, then to replace Michael Tallman on the border commission of Fernando Marsigli. Finally, he became an interpreter on the southern border of the monarchy.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Aloisius",
"gender": "male",
"source": null,
"text": [
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"id": 5226,
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5226/"
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"label": "Dolmetscher",
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"profession": [
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19106/?format=api",
"id": 19106,
"name": "D'Azzaria",
"review": false,
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"end_start_date": null,
"end_end_date": null,
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"status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228.\r\nZsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "He was recruited as an interpreter for the Bavarian regiments in 1686, although the War Council was concerned about his French origins. In the same year, he was transferred to Buda to replace Johann Adam Lachowitz, who had been recalled due to illness. In 1688 he is registered as a fully accredited War Council interpreter, his last known place of service being Székesfehérvár.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Giuseppe",
"gender": "male",
"source": null,
"text": [
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"id": 5105,
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"url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19113/?format=api",
"id": 19113,
"name": "Cleronome",
"review": false,
"start_date": null,
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"end_date": "1690-07-02",
"end_start_date": "1690-01-01",
"end_end_date": "1690-12-31",
"start_date_written": null,
"end_date_written": "1690",
"status": "apprentice interpreter, imperial interprete for eastern languages",
"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228.\r\nZsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "On the recommendation of his brother Giorgio Cleronome and Nikousios Panagotis, he was appointed to the post of apprentice interpreter alongside the Habsburgs’ residents in Constantinople. After his appointment as a fully trained interpreter in 1680, he served both in Vienna and Constantinople. From 1684 he took part in the Great Turkish War as a field interpreter, and died after the siege of Niš.",
"published": false,
"first_name": "Pantaleone",
"gender": "male",
"source": null,
"text": [
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