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            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19166/?format=api",
            "id": 19166,
            "name": "Damiani",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": "1648-07-01",
            "end_start_date": "1648-01-01",
            "end_end_date": "1648-12-31",
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": "1648",
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "Employed largely unofficially by resident envoy Michael Starzer since 1611, he was appointed to the position of interpreter of the Habsburg embassy in Constantinople in 1613. In the absence of a fully accredited resident envoy, he performed quasi ambassadorial service as interim agent from 1621 to 1625. He shared his duties between Constantinople, Prague and Vienna, carrying out numerous diplomatic missions, mainly to Buda, including accompanying the Ottoman envoys to the Imperial Diet of Linz in 1614.  He interpreted at the peace treaties of Gyarmat, the first and second treaties of Szőny.  In 1634 he was chosen to lead the imperial embassy to the Tatar Khan, which was finally cancelled.  He worked as imperial interpreter until his death.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Giovanni Paolo",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
                {
                    "id": 5143,
                    "label": "ID: 5143",
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                    "label": "QHOD",
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                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
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                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
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            "title": [
                {
                    "id": 46,
                    "label": "Adelstitel",
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        {
            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19230/?format=api",
            "id": 19230,
            "name": "Dabba di Sumaghi",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": null,
            "end_start_date": null,
            "end_end_date": null,
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": null,
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.\r\nLiterature: Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228.",
            "notes": "Originating from Albania, he joined the staff of apprentice interpreters in Constantinople on the recommendation of his father, Luca Dabba di Sumaghi, who was the chaplain of resident envoy Carl Terlingo.  He served in the Great Turkish War, in 1689 as an interpreter in Szeged, and from 1690 in Niš.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Petrus",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
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                    "id": 5186,
                    "label": "ID: 5186",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5186/"
                }
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            "collection": [
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                    "id": 17,
                    "label": "QHOD",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
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                    "id": 18,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
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            "profession": [
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                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
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        {
            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19236/?format=api",
            "id": 19236,
            "name": "Dorn",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": null,
            "end_start_date": null,
            "end_end_date": null,
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": null,
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "One of the Turkish language interpreters at the Court of Emperor Rudolf in Prague. In 1612, his employment as an interpreter was confirmed, but his name disappears from the sources of the War Council. In 1616, he is mentioned among the members of the imperial diplomatic mission to Moscow.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Adam",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
                {
                    "id": 5189,
                    "label": "ID: 5189",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5189/"
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            "collection": [
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                    "id": 17,
                    "label": "QHOD",
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                    "id": 18,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
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            "profession": [
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                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
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            "title": [],
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            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19241/?format=api",
            "id": 19241,
            "name": "Golielli",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": "1665-07-02",
            "end_start_date": "1665-01-01",
            "end_end_date": "1665-12-31",
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": "1665",
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "Trained by the Ragusan Senate, he came to Vienna in search of a better living, where he was appointed as a Turkish, Tatar and “Serbian” (“servianisch”) interpreter. He was employed at the Viennese War Council office and regularly accompanied Turkish and Tatar delegations to Vienna and Bratislava until his death in 1665.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Paolo",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
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                    "id": 5192,
                    "label": "ID: 5192",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5192/"
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            "collection": [
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                    "label": "QHOD",
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                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
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            "profession": [
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                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
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            "title": [],
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            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19238/?format=api",
            "id": 19238,
            "name": "del Farro",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": "1608-07-01",
            "end_start_date": "1608-01-01",
            "end_end_date": "1608-12-31",
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": "1608",
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Aneliya STOYANOVA: The dragomans of the Habsburg embassy in Constantinople in the second half of the sixteenth century: the story of Matthias del Faro. In: History Studies, University of Limerick History Society 18 (2017), 95–108.\r\nZsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "Being of Greek origin from Pera, he was one of the first sixteenth-century Habsburg interpreters trained in the house of the resident envoy at the Sublime Porte. He served as an interpreter for the Habsburg permanent embassy, except during the Long Turkish War, although he did not leave Constantinople during the conflict. He was involved in the drafting of the Treaty of Edirne in 1568 and in the exchange of the first copies of the Peace of Zsitvatorok in 1608.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Mathia",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
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                    "id": 5190,
                    "label": "ID: 5190",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5190/"
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            "collection": [
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                    "id": 17,
                    "label": "QHOD",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
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                    "id": 18,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
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            "profession": [
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                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
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            "title": [],
            "sameAs": [
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        {
            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19243/?format=api",
            "id": 19243,
            "name": "Házy",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": "1642-07-02",
            "end_start_date": "1642-01-01",
            "end_end_date": "1642-12-31",
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": "1642",
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "In 1596, while still a child, he was captured and taken to General Adolf Schwarzenberg, who baptized him, trained him as an interpreter and recommended him for imperial service. He was assistant interpreter from 1600, and from 1611 fully accredited interpreter at the fortress of Győr. In addition to interpreting and translating, his duties included accompanying Ottoman envoys, and he also participated in several peace negotiations and the drafting of peace treaties. In 1628, with the permission of the chief captain of Győr, he joined the embassies of Johann Ludwig Kuefstein. Similarly, he worked as interpreter for Johann Rudolf Pucheim during his 1633–34 mission to the Sublime Porte.  He died in Győr on the 30th of October 1642.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Ernst",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
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                    "id": 5193,
                    "label": "ID: 5193",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5193/"
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            "collection": [
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                    "id": 17,
                    "label": "QHOD",
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                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
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            "profession": [
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                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
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            "title": [],
            "sameAs": [
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        {
            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19253/?format=api",
            "id": 19253,
            "name": "Illéssy",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": null,
            "end_start_date": null,
            "end_end_date": null,
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": null,
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "He was transferred from the Transylvanian princely chancellery to the service of Archbishop István Szuhay of Eger, where he assisted him in the peace negotiations during the last years of the Long Turkish War. In 1604, he joined the corps of the Habsburgs’ eastern interpreters and served for a longer period in Prague and Vienna. In addition to his activities as translator and interpreter, he regularly accompanied Ottoman delegations and carried out minor missions at the court of the Pasha of Buda. He was involved in the corrections of the peace of Zsitvatork and the peace of Komárom.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "János",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
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                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
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                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
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            "title": [],
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        {
            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19275/?format=api",
            "id": 19275,
            "name": "Michalovicz",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": "1707-07-02",
            "end_start_date": "1707-01-01",
            "end_end_date": "1707-12-31",
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": "1707",
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "Originally interpreter of the Bavarian Elector, served as interpreter and spy in the Great Turkish War. He candidate for the position of an imperial interpreter without success in 1691 and 1694.  Only in 1699 did he join the staff of the War Council as interpreter, when he was assigned to Guido Stahremberg as interpreter in the area between the Drava and Sava rivers, and was then posted to Petrovaradin, where he served as interpreter until his death.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Lucas",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
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                    "label": "ID: 5207",
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                    "id": 18,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
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            "profession": [
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                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
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            ],
            "title": [],
            "sameAs": [
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        {
            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19269/?format=api",
            "id": 19269,
            "name": "Marianovich",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": "1680-07-01",
            "end_start_date": "1680-01-01",
            "end_end_date": "1680-12-31",
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": "1680",
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "He was probably a spy of Bosnian origin who served already as a “Turkish” courier in the diplomatic mission of Hermann Czernin in 1644.   In 1652, he applied to the War Council as an interpreter for eastern languages, where he was employed in a dual capacity as a courier and interpreter. In 1657, he was entrusted with the embassy to the Cossacks together with Archbishop Petrus Parčević.  Based on his connections to Bosnia, he was recommended by the President of the War Council, Annibale Gonzaga, for the title of the Bishop of Bosnia in 1660. In 1657 Ferdinand III granted him the title of Procurator of the Kingdom of Bosnia, confirmed in 1671.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Christoph",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
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                    "id": 5204,
                    "label": "ID: 5204",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5204/"
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            "collection": [
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                    "label": "QHOD",
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                    "id": 18,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
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            "profession": [
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                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
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            ],
            "title": [],
            "sameAs": [
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            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19277/?format=api",
            "id": 19277,
            "name": "Miro",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": null,
            "end_start_date": null,
            "end_end_date": null,
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": null,
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "He was recruited as fully trained interpreter from the Venetians and served both in Vienna and Graz.  His conflicts, and in particular the alleged threat from the Venetian ambassador, prompted him to ask for his dismissal.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Marco",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
                {
                    "id": 5208,
                    "label": "ID: 5208",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5208/"
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            "collection": [
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                    "id": 18,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
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            "profession": [
                {
                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
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            ],
            "title": [],
            "sameAs": [
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            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19281/?format=api",
            "id": 19281,
            "name": "Negroni",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": "1614-07-02",
            "end_start_date": "1614-01-01",
            "end_end_date": "1614-12-31",
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": "1614",
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Rudolf NECK: Andrea Negroni. (Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der österreichisch-türkischen Beziehungen nach dem Frieden von Zsitvatorok). In: Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs 3 (1950), 166–195; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "Born in Genova, he was interpreter for eastern languages of Emperor Rudolf and later Archduke Matthias. In addition to several minor diplomatic negotiations, he was the emperor’s extraordinary envoy in Constantinople in 1610 and 1612–1614. In 1614, he was tried for treason and suspended from his duties, dying in captivity before the verdict was delivered.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Andrea",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
                {
                    "id": 5210,
                    "label": "ID: 5210",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5210/"
                }
            ],
            "collection": [
                {
                    "id": 17,
                    "label": "QHOD",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
                },
                {
                    "id": 18,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
                },
                {
                    "id": 23,
                    "label": "ORDIP",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/23/"
                }
            ],
            "profession": [
                {
                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
                }
            ],
            "title": [],
            "sameAs": [
                "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/entity/19281/"
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        },
        {
            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19283/?format=api",
            "id": 19283,
            "name": "Nikousios",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": "1673-07-02",
            "end_start_date": "1673-01-01",
            "end_end_date": "1673-12-31",
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": "1673",
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Gunnar HERING: Panagiotis Nikousios als Dragoman der kaiserlichen Gesandtschaft in Konstantinopel. In: Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik 44 (1994), 143–178; Damien JANOS: Panaiotis Nicousios and Alexander Mavrocordatos: The Rise of the Phanariots and the Office of Grand Dragoman in the Ottoman Administration in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century. In: Archivum Ottomanicum 23 (2005–2006), 177–196; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "After completing his studies in Padua and Constantinople, the talented young man of Greek origin was hired as an interpreter for the Habsburgs’ delegation in Constantinople in 1645. After the death of resident envoy Alexander Greiffenklau, he headed the embassy as interim agent until the arrival of the new resident, Simon Reniger. From the end of the 1660s, he also interpreted for the Porte, and was the first of the Phanariots to be appointed chief interpreter at the Sublime Porte. At the turn of the 1660s, he gained considerable influence in the circles of the sultan and the grand vizier, while also performing important services for the Habsburgs.  He died of a stroke in 1673.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Panagiotis",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
                {
                    "id": 5211,
                    "label": "ID: 5211",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5211/"
                }
            ],
            "collection": [
                {
                    "id": 17,
                    "label": "QHOD",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
                },
                {
                    "id": 18,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
                }
            ],
            "profession": [
                {
                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
                }
            ],
            "title": [],
            "sameAs": [
                "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/entity/19283/"
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        },
        {
            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19289/?format=api",
            "id": 19289,
            "name": "Pompeis",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": null,
            "end_start_date": null,
            "end_end_date": null,
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": null,
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "An imperial interpreter from a renegade background. He was involved in the interpreting assignments accompanying the first peace treaty of Szőny, lived in Komárom, and regularly received assignments both in Vienna and in Hungarian locations.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Ludovicus",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
                {
                    "id": 5214,
                    "label": "ID: 5214",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5214/"
                }
            ],
            "collection": [
                {
                    "id": 17,
                    "label": "QHOD",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
                },
                {
                    "id": 18,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
                }
            ],
            "profession": [
                {
                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
                }
            ],
            "title": [],
            "sameAs": [
                "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/entity/19289/"
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        {
            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19295/?format=api",
            "id": 19295,
            "name": "Schröder",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": null,
            "end_start_date": null,
            "end_end_date": null,
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": null,
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "In 1601, he was hired to replace Hieronymus Nagy as interpreter in Győr, and in addition to his duties as interpreter for the War Council, he regularly accompanied Ottoman delegations and participated in prisoner exchanges.  He interpreted at the border commission concerning the status of villages that had not been settled in the Peace of Zsitvatorok and was also employed as a Turkish courier to Buda and Constantinople.  In 1611 he asked to be dismissed from his post of interpreter, he became tricesima-collector.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Melchior",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
                {
                    "id": 5217,
                    "label": "ID: 5217",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5217/"
                }
            ],
            "collection": [
                {
                    "id": 17,
                    "label": "QHOD",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
                },
                {
                    "id": 18,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
                }
            ],
            "profession": [
                {
                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
                }
            ],
            "title": [],
            "sameAs": [
                "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/entity/19295/"
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        {
            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19299/?format=api",
            "id": 19299,
            "name": "Sick",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": null,
            "end_start_date": null,
            "end_end_date": null,
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": null,
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "In 1612, he took over from Melchior Schröder and interpreted for the Council of War. He was assigned to smaller missions to accompany Ottoman envoys from and to the Pasha of Buda.  In addition to his interpreting duties, he is regularly mentioned as a scribe for the War Council.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Georg",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
                {
                    "id": 5219,
                    "label": "ID: 5219",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5219/"
                }
            ],
            "collection": [
                {
                    "id": 17,
                    "label": "QHOD",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
                },
                {
                    "id": 18,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
                }
            ],
            "profession": [
                {
                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
                }
            ],
            "title": [],
            "sameAs": [
                "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/entity/19299/"
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        {
            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19301/?format=api",
            "id": 19301,
            "name": "Sochrachiera",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": null,
            "end_start_date": null,
            "end_end_date": null,
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": null,
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "Hermann Czernin hired him temporarily as interpreter for his mission to the Sublime Porte in 1616-1617, he was contracted in Constantinople.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Ambrosius",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
                {
                    "id": 5220,
                    "label": "ID: 5220",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5220/"
                }
            ],
            "collection": [
                {
                    "id": 17,
                    "label": "QHOD",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
                },
                {
                    "id": 18,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
                }
            ],
            "profession": [
                {
                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
                }
            ],
            "title": [],
            "sameAs": [
                "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/entity/19301/"
            ]
        },
        {
            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19305/?format=api",
            "id": 19305,
            "name": "Tarsia",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": null,
            "end_start_date": null,
            "end_end_date": null,
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": null,
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages",
            "references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "An oriental language interpreter of Venetian origin, he was hired through the intervention of the Habsburg envoy to Venice (Count Portia) following the resignation of Vincenzo Bratutti.  Due to his lack of knowledge and his personal conflicts, he soon left the service and went to the Polish royal court.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Marco",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
                {
                    "id": 5222,
                    "label": "ID: 5222",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5222/"
                }
            ],
            "collection": [
                {
                    "id": 17,
                    "label": "QHOD",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
                },
                {
                    "id": 18,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
                }
            ],
            "profession": [
                {
                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
                }
            ],
            "title": [],
            "sameAs": [
                "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/entity/19305/"
            ]
        },
        {
            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19105/?format=api",
            "id": 19105,
            "name": "D'Asquier",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": "1590-07-02",
            "start_start_date": "1590-01-01",
            "start_end_date": "1590-12-31",
            "end_date": "1665-07-02",
            "end_start_date": "1665-01-01",
            "end_end_date": "1665-12-31",
            "start_date_written": "1590",
            "end_date_written": "1665",
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages (türkisch Dolmetsch), chief interpreter (Oberdolmetscher)",
            "references": "Alastair HAMILTON: Michel D’Asquier, Imperial Interpreter and Bibliophile. In: Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 72 (2009), 237–241.\r\nCZIRÀKI Zsuzsanna : A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "In 1617, he came into contact with the Aulic War Council as a French-born interpreter for eastern languages in the private service of Habsburg`s Ottoman expert Cesare Gallo. He was interpreter, chief interpreter and then expert-adviser at the Viennese War Council. During his almost half a century of service, he became one of the Habsburg Monarchy’s foremost experts on the East, carrying out numerous individual diplomatic missions to Constantinople, the court of the pasha of Buda while he also participated several times in Habsburg-Ottoman peace negotiations. He was involved in the drafting of the Peace of Komárom (1618), the Peace of Gyarmat (1625), the First and Second Peace of Szőny (1627, 1641), and the Peace of Istanbul (1649/1650).  He died and was buried in Vienna in 1665.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Michel",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
                {
                    "id": 5104,
                    "label": "ID: 5104",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5104/"
                }
            ],
            "collection": [
                {
                    "id": 17,
                    "label": "QHOD",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
                },
                {
                    "id": 18,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
                },
                {
                    "id": 23,
                    "label": "ORDIP",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/23/"
                }
            ],
            "profession": [
                {
                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
                }
            ],
            "title": [
                {
                    "id": 46,
                    "label": "Adelstitel",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/title/46/",
                    "parent_id": null
                }
            ],
            "sameAs": [
                "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/entity/19105/"
            ]
        },
        {
            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19271/?format=api",
            "id": 19271,
            "name": "Mesgnien von Meninsky",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": "1699-07-02",
            "end_start_date": "1699-01-01",
            "end_end_date": "1699-12-31",
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": "1699",
            "status": "imperial interpreter for eastern languages, chief interpreter",
            "references": "Bohdan BARANOWSKI: F. Mesgnien- Meniński et l’enseignement des langues orientales en Pologne vers la moitié du XVIIe siècle. In: Rocznik Orientalistyczny 15 (1949), 63–71; Czesława GENEJA, Paul NASTER: François à Mesgnien Meninski à propos d’un manuscrit autographe à la bilbiothèque royale de Belgique. In: Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica, 17 (1986), 253–277; Himmet UMUNÇ: Meninski’nin Türk Dili ve Kültürü Üzerine Görüşleri: Bir Değerlendirme. In: Başkent Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 32 (2015) 1, 243–257; Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "Linguist of French origin, orientalist. Until 1661, he was an interpreter of eastern languages for the Polish royal court and later for the Habsburg Monarchy in Vienna, where he became chief interpreter and councilor of the War Council. He regularly carried out small diplomatic missions at the court of the Pasha of Buda and other places in the borderland, while he also participated in the training of interpreters.  In 1669, he went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and became a member of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre.  He was an inspector of the Oriental Trading Company, investigating prohibitions on trade in goods.  In 1683, he was in the city during the siege of Vienna, acting as interpreter.  He served as an interpreter until his death in Vienna.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Franz",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
                {
                    "id": 5205,
                    "label": "ID: 5205",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5205/"
                }
            ],
            "collection": [
                {
                    "id": 17,
                    "label": "QHOD",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
                },
                {
                    "id": 18,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
                },
                {
                    "id": 23,
                    "label": "ORDIP",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/23/"
                }
            ],
            "profession": [
                {
                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
                }
            ],
            "title": [],
            "sameAs": [
                "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/entity/19271/"
            ]
        },
        {
            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/19240/?format=api",
            "id": 19240,
            "name": "del Farro",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": null,
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": null,
            "end_start_date": null,
            "end_end_date": null,
            "start_date_written": null,
            "end_date_written": null,
            "status": "interpreter for eastern and slavic languages",
            "references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
            "notes": "As son of the highly esteemed interpreter in Constantinople Mathia del Farro, was admitted to the imperial court in Vienna, where he lived as a quasi-interpreter known as one of poor ability.",
            "published": false,
            "first_name": "Giovanni Francesco",
            "gender": "male",
            "source": null,
            "text": [
                {
                    "id": 5191,
                    "label": "ID: 5191",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/text/5191/"
                }
            ],
            "collection": [
                {
                    "id": 17,
                    "label": "QHOD",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/17/"
                },
                {
                    "id": 18,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/metainfo/collection/18/"
                }
            ],
            "profession": [
                {
                    "id": 537,
                    "label": "Dolmetscher",
                    "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/vocabularies/professiontype/537/",
                    "parent_id": null
                }
            ],
            "title": [],
            "sameAs": [
                "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/entity/19240/"
            ]
        },
        {
            "url": "https://mpr.acdh.oeaw.ac.at/apis/api/entities/person/15851/?format=api",
            "id": 15851,
            "name": "Lovina",
            "review": false,
            "start_date": "1674-03-19",
            "start_start_date": null,
            "start_end_date": null,
            "end_date": "1742-03-31",
            "end_start_date": null,
            "end_end_date": null,
            "start_date_written": "1674-03-19",
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