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"notes": "In 1686, he applied for a post as an interpreter in Buda, but was instead assigned to the Bavarian regiments. A year later he served as a field interpreter with the imperial military corps operating in the region of the river Tisza in Hungary. He died as an interpreter of General Federico Ambrosio Veterani in 1692.",
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"references": "Alastair HAMILTON: An Egyptian Traveller in the Republic of Letters: Josephus Barbatus or Abudacnus the Copt. In: Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 57 (1994), 123–150.\r\nZsuzsanna Cziráki: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "He was born in Cairo around 1570 and was a member of the Coptic Church of Alexandria. He arrived in Rome in 1595, where he worked as an Arabic language teacher and converted to Roman Catholicism. As a teacher of eastern languages, he visited the Universities of Paris and Oxford and taught in the Netherlands. In 1618 he worked as a linguist at the Bavarian Court. He came to Vienna on the recommendation of Archduke Albert, governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, and from 1622 he was an embassy interpreter in Constantinople. From 1649 he was an eastern-language instructor at the War Council in Vienna, and from 1650 to 1653 he taught in Győr and translated, partly in Komárom. He then retired, receiving an annuity from the Aulic Chamber until his death in Vienna in 1659.",
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"references": "Dóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228.\r\nZsuzsanna Cziráki: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "He was originally the secretary of resident envoy Giovanni Battista Casanova, in 1673 he applied for the post of an apprentice interpreter on his recommendation. After a successful training period he was appointed as fully accredited interpreter in Győr in 1678. He regularly accompanied Ottoman envoys from Győr to Vienna, while he also translated for imperial envoys in Buda. From 1683 he took part in military campaigns as a field interpreter. Beginning with 1688, he was sent to the new borders as an interpreter in Osijek and Belgrade. After several unsuccessful petitions, he was finally transferred to Vienna in 1694 to fill the vacancy left by Heinrich Julius Wogin, and served at the War Council until his death.",
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"references": "István HILLER: A tolmácsper. A bécsi Haditanács és a Habsburgok tolmácsai a 17. század első felében. In: Történelmi Szemle 33 (1991), 203–214.\r\nZdravko ŠUNDRICA: Poisons and Poisoning in the Republic of Ragusa. In: Dubrovnik Annals 4 (2000), 7–79.\r\nZsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "In 1636, as a trained Ragusan interpreter, he entered Habsburg service as the protégé of resident envoy Sebastian Lustrier. He was placed in the midst of intense rivalry in the War Council after surviving a poisoning attempt on his life by Michel D’Asquier and Johann Rudolf Schmid in 1633. In addition to his service at the imperial Court, he worked for the Hungarian Palatine Miklós Esterházy, and from 1648 he also interpreted in Nové Zámky. From 1651 he lived in Madrid, where he was court interpreter of King Philip IV of Spain. He married there a noble Spanish woman and never returned to Ragusa. He died in Spain after 1668 (possibly in 1680).",
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"references": "Dóra KEREKES: Egy császári tolmács megfigyelései. Giorgio Cleronome magyarországi utazása 1664-ben. In: Lymbus – magyarságtudományi forrásközlemények (2004), 71–77.\r\nDóra KEREKES: A császári tolmácsok a magyarországi visszafoglaló háborúk idején. In: Századok 138 (2004), 1189–1228.\r\nZsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "He joined the apprentice interpreters of resident envoy Simon Reniger as Nikousios Panagotis’ protégé in the early 1660s. He served mainly in Constantinople at the Habsburg permanent embassy, but also received minor assignments in Vienna. After 1663 he served as a fully accredited imperial interpreter at the house of the resident envoy in Constantinople. During the Great Turkish War, he performed spy service at the Sultan’s residence, staying in the house of the Dutch resident envoy.",
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"references": "Zsuzsanna CZIRÁKI: Language Students and Interpreters at the Mid-seventeenth-century Habsburg Embassy in Constantinople. In: Theatrum Historiae 19 (2016), 27–44.\r\nZsuzsanna CZIRÀKI: A Habsburg Monarchia keleti nyelvi tolmácsai a 17. században, Reciti - Budapest, 2024.",
"notes": "As a Syrian-born interpreter originating from Aleppo, he worked for the War Council of Inner Austria in Graz between 1646 and 1648. In 1649, he joined Johann Rudolf Schmid’s embassy to Constantinople as an interpreter, where he renounced his imperial service and converted to Islam.",
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